Literature Database Entry

mudraje2025reverse

Ishwar Mudraje, Kai Vogelgesang, Jasper Devreker, Luis Gerhorst, Phillip Raffeck, Peter Wägemann and Thorsten Herfet, "Reverse Engineering the ESP32-C3 Wi-Fi Drivers for Static Worst-Case Analysis of Intermittently-Powered Systems," Proceedings of 23rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2025), 13th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSsys 2025), Irvine, CA, May 2025, pp. 1–7.

Abstract

The Internet of Batteryless Things revolutionizes sustainable communication as it operates on harvested energy. This harvested energy is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions; therefore, device operations, including those of its networking stack, must be resilient to power failures. Reactive intermittent computing provides an approach for solving this by notifications of impending power failures, which is implemented by monitoring the harvested energy buffered in a capacitor. However, to use this power-failure notification and guarantee forward progress, systems must break down tasks into atomic transactions that can be predictably finished before the energy runs out. Thus, static program-code analysis must determine the worst-case energy consumption (WCEC) of all transactions. In Wi-Fi–capable devices, drivers are often closed-source, which avoids the determination of WCEC bounds for transactions since static analysis requires all code along with its semantics.In this work, we integrate an energy-aware networking stack with reverse-engineered Wi-Fi drivers to enable full-stack WCEC analysis for physical transmission and reception of packets. Further, we extended a static worst-case analysis tool with a resource-consumption model of our Wi-Fi driver. Our evaluation with the RISC-V–based ESP32-C3 platform gives worst-case bounds with our static analysis approach for the transactions of the full communication stack, therefore showing that Wi-Fi–based reactive intermittent computing is feasible.

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Ishwar Mudraje
Kai Vogelgesang
Jasper Devreker
Luis Gerhorst
Phillip Raffeck
Peter Wägemann
Thorsten Herfet

BibTeX reference

@inproceedings{mudraje2025reverse,
    author = {Mudraje, Ishwar and Vogelgesang, Kai and Devreker, Jasper and Gerhorst, Luis and Raffeck, Phillip and W{\"{a}}gemann, Peter and Herfet, Thorsten},
    doi = {10.1145/3722572.3727926},
    title = {{Reverse Engineering the ESP32-C3 Wi-Fi Drivers for Static Worst-Case Analysis of Intermittently-Powered Systems}},
    pages = {1--7},
    address = {Irvine, CA},
    booktitle = {23rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2025), 13th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSsys 2025)},
    month = {5},
    year = {2025},
   }
   
   

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Last modified: 2026-04-30